The 21st Annual Phi Kappa Phi Student Research and Fine Arts Conference

A STUDY OF HUMAN SKIN COLOR, A NATURAL SUNSCREEN: PHYSIOLOGY, MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND STUDENT LEARNING

Presenter: Juan Ayala
Authors:  Juan Ayala and Soma Mukhopadhyay
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Soma Mukhopadhyay
Institution/College/Department: Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Human skin coloration is a combination of pigmentation, ultraviolet (UV) exposure, gene expression and natural selection. Skin tone is also associated with several physiological processes, such as vitamin D synthesization, calcium homeostasis, maintaining proper blood folate concentration, and the production of serotonin. In recent years, the study of molecular evolution has become very significant not only to understand the human body but also becoming an integral part for understanding public health and other fields of medical science. Our goal of this project was to create an interactive course module for Anatomy and Physiology students to show how skin physiology was driven by evolutionary pressures. Also, the module was intended to show how exposure to some UV radiation is important for certain biological processes and to offer protection against cancer and on the other hand how overexposure might cause damage and lead to cancer. Students were introduced to molecular evolution of skin color and the production of different pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin to shield DNA from harmful UV light. Additionally, UVAB and UVC irradiance were measured and compared to the UV index which indicates the strength of UV radiation for the day to make people aware of the environmental factors arou

ESTABLISHING A GFP MARKER IN ZEBRAFISH TO STUDY THE LOCALIZATION OF TINAGL1

Presenter: Helena Blackburn
Authors:  Helena Blackburn¹ and Ellen LeMosy²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Ellen LeMosy, M. D.
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences and Honors Program (Augusta Univ.), ²Cellular Biology and Anatomy (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Tinagl1 is a secreted protein found in the basement membrane under epithelial cells. The LeMosy lab previously showed that tinagl1 knockdowns resulted in abnormal spinal development and heart orientation during zebrafish development. These data, together with changes in length of motile cilia, suggested that tinagl1 is involved in cilia function during development. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown, and it is unclear whether Tinagl1 is only in basement membranes at the basal side of cells, or if it also localizes to the apical side of cells where most cilia project. A deeper understanding of the localization of Tinagl1 during development is a logical next step in understanding how this protein functions. Zebrafish provide an excellent model for studying this localization as they display strong phenotypic effects that can be easily imaged. The localization of Tinagl1 will be tracked using a Tinagl1-GFP fusion construct developed through PCR and insertion into a Tol2 transposon vector. This construct will be injected into early embryos together with transposase mRNA to create mosaic fish showing Tinagl1-GFP in selected tissues. Successful germline integration of the tinagl1-GFP DNA will lead to the development of a transgenic line of zebrafish allowing imaging of Tinagl1 localization during development.

Funding: NIAMS, Vanguard Charitable Gifts Fund

HOW DOES ECONOMIC TURMOIL AFFECT ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?

Presenters: Augustus Bruker
Authors: Augustus Bruker and Simon Medcalfe
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Simon Medcalfe
Institution/College/Department:  Hull College of Business (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
This paper’s purpose is to examine the affects that recessive economic periods have on drinking habits in different countries. A recession is a very complex economic event that can affect behavioral patterns, including changes in drinking habits, across countries. The economic factors studied will include changes in median household incomes, unemployment rates, and GDP’s of different countries. Alcohol consumption will be broken down into beer, wine, and spirits, which is necessary to the research because different countries may show different trends in what form of alcohol they choose to turn to during a recession. This research is important because it could potentially show a global problem in which society is turning to the dangerous habit of alcoholism to deal with their economic hardships. For the data in my paper, I plan to refer to the World Health Organization’s 2018 global status report on alcohol and health. This report has data for all major countries pertaining to how much alcohol they consume per year on average, what types of alcohol the country prefers, and how factors such as age, gender, and race affect drinking in their country. I hypothesize that the public does in fact drink more alcohol during times of economic turmoil.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Student Research Grant

THE IMPACT OF VEGETARIANS AND VEGANS ON THE MEAT, EGG, AND DAIRY INDUSTRY

Presenters: Marie Cantenot
Authors: Marie Cantenot and Simon Medcalfe
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Simon Medcalfe
Institution/College/Department:  Hull College of Business (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
People cut meat out of their diet for three reasons: health, environmental and animal suffering. Some even go as far as following a vegan diet, a type of vegetarian diet that excludes meat, eggs, dairy, and all other animal-derived products. Many vegetarian and vegan groups believe the production of meat is unethical and unsustainable and therefore aim to abolish the industry through the boycott of all animal products. This raises the question of how this lifestyle may have a true impact on meat, eggs and dairy prices. This research aims to explore the interrelationship between the rise of vegetarianism and veganism and the changes in beef, pork, chicken, eggs and dairy prices. The data will be the monthly percentage of vegetarians/vegans in the U.S. and the prices for beef, poultry and pork, eggs and dairy from January 2014 until May 2018, controlling for other factors that affect these prices. The results from regression analysis will show whether the increasing number of vegetarians and vegans has an impact on the prices offered by the meat, egg and dairy industry.

FAST-TRACK EXTUBATION IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD FOLLOWING HEART SURGERY: OUTCOME ANALYSIS AND PREDICTORS OF FAILURE

Presenter: Emma Geister
Authors: Emma Geister¹, Raquel Esquivel, Danielle Crethers², Danalynn Weatherholt, Maria Gabriela Sanchez, Gustavo Munoz, Anastasios C. Polimenakos²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Anastasios C. Polimenakos, M. D.
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Cellular Biology and Anatomy (Augusta Univ.), ²Surgery (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Early extubation (EE) has become a critical determinant in perioperative management following congenital heart surgery (CHS) during early childhood. Fast track (FT) strategies and EE, when feasible, can have beneficial effect on clinical outcomes. We sought to determine the impact of EE on clinical outcomes, total hospital costs, identify predictors of failure and suggested criteria for new patients. A retrospective chart review of children ≤6 years old (n = 64) who underwent CHS between January-December 2017 was performed. EE was defined as successful removal of the endotracheal tube in the operating room or upon arrival in intensive care unit (ICU). Groups were identified as (A):EE/Fast track and (B):no EE. Determinants for EE failure were assessed, and cost analysis pursued. We found 39 patients were EE compared to 25 that were not. Children who were EE (mean=6.795 days, sd = 4.250) spend significantly less (p < 0.0001) overall time in the ICU compared to non-EE patients (mean= 19.960 days, sd= 13.081). We also found that the total hospital stay for patients who were EE (mean= 6.976 days, sd= 4.090) was significantly reduced compared to those who were not (mean=21.783 days, sd=13.450) (p <0.0001). Furthermore, we found that children who were EE had a significant reduction (p <0.0001, sd= 23,196.203) in total hospital cost than patients who were not EE. Based on our analysis, we concluded that EE is feasible following CHS during early childhood but requires team approach and thoughtful use of FT protocols.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Summer Scholars Program

DEGRADATION OF EGFR CONTRIBUTES TO ANTI-CANCER EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITOR IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER

Presenter: Leslie Duncan
Authors:  Leslie Duncan¹, Leilei He², Liwei Lang², and Yong Teng^{2, 3}
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Liwei Lang and Dr. Yong Teng
Institution/College/Department: ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ³Georgia Cancer Center (Medical College of Georgia)

Abstract:
A promising arsenal of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-targeted treatment has emerged in the past decade, as the abnormal targeting or retention of HDACs to DNA regulatory regions often occurs in many cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, few has been studied regarding the beneficial role of HDAC inhibition in anti-HNSCC therapy and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly expressed at high levels in HNSCC (more than 90%) and serves as a prime target for new anti-HNSCC therapy. Interestingly, Trichostatin A (TSA), one of HDAC inhibitors, not only inhibits EGFR phosphorylation, but also induces repression of EGFR total protein amount in HNSCC cells. We further show that TSA induces EGFR degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in HNSCC cells, which is associated with downregulated AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. The study uncovers that EGFR is one of targets of HDAC-based treatment, providing mechanistic insight into the action of HDAC inhibitors. As there is an increasing interest in using HDAC inhibitors for cancer treatment in the clinic, the outcomes from the present study would be significantly beneficial for the development of new rational HDAC-targeted anticancer modalities.

Funding: Augusta University Provost's office and the Translational Research Program of the Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University

EARLY EXTUBATION IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD FOLLOWING HEART SURGERY: OUTCOME ANALYSIS AND PREDICTORS OF FAILURE

Presenter: Raquel Esquivel
Authors: Raquel Esquivel, Emma Geister¹, Danielle Crethers², Danalynn Weatherholt, Maria Gabriela Sanchez, Gustavo Munoz, Anastasios C. Polimenakos²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Anastasios C. Polimenakos, M. D.
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Cellular Biology and Anatomy (Augusta Univ.), ²Surgery (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Fast-track (FT) strategies and early extubation (EE), when feasible, can have beneficial effect on clinical outcomes. Despite positive findings in adult cardiac surgery studies, EE procedures have not been rigorously evaluated in the pediatric cardiac populations. We sought to determine feasibility and clinical outcomes of EE in infancy and early childhood following congenital heart surgery (CHS), as well as identify predictors of failure and highlight cost implications related to FT. A retrospective chart review of children ≤6 years old who underwent CHS at the Children’s Hospital of Georgia from January-December 2017 was performed. EE was defined as successful removal of the endotracheal tube in the operating room or upon arrival in intensive care unit (ICU). Multivariate analysis was used to compare peri-operative data, identify the predictors of EE failure, and assess total hospital cost. Of the 64 patients reviewed, mean hospital length of stay (LOS) was 6.97+/-4.1 days in EE compared to 21.78+/-13.45 days in non-EE (p < 0.0001). There was a near 3-fold cost increase failing EE/fast track which impacted total hospital cost for EE compared to non-EE patients (p <0.0001, mean: $51419.913 sd= 23,196.203). Deployment of FT strategy with EE is safe and feasible following CHS during infancy and early childhood. Proper customization and implementation, through patient modifiable variables, can have powerful impact on cost-containment.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Summer Scholars Program

diagnosis of mental illness in the narrator of charlotte gilman's "the yellow wallpaper" using the dsm-5

Presenter: Wayne Fang
Authors: Wayne Fang¹ and Tim Sadenwasser²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Tim Sadenwasser
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²English and Foreign Languages (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Charlotte Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” explores mental illness, freedom, and the faults of the rest cure by exploring the life of a wife who has been diagnosed with neurasthenia. With this story Gilman describes an increasingly common practice during her time, and how problematic it was for the individuals who were diagnosed. Through the wife’s narration, Gilman shows how many women felt trapped since they were forced to undertake the rest cure due to one-sided relationship dynamics. Using this narrative of the wife’s deteriorating mental health, Gilman argues for equality in relationships as well as better treatments for mental health. In this presentation, I will use the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as well as other scholarly sources to diagnosis the wife’s mental illness. To do this, I will take the wife’s narration and compare it to diagnostic criteria as presented in the DSM-5. By examining the narrator’s thoughts and actions I will be able to examine the progression of her mental illness. Examining the wife’s mental health can show how many women of her may have felt trapped. This in turn can explain how many women faced unequal power dynamics in their marriages.

portrayal of mental illness in edgar allan poe's "the tell-tale heart"

Presenter: Arika Shaikh
Authors: Arika Shaikh¹ and Tim Sadenwasser²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Tim Sadenwasser
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²English and Foreign Languages (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Edgar Allan Poe’s “The-Tell Tale Heart” delves into the human psyche as it entails the story of an unnamed narrator who tells the tale of the murder he commits. Undergoing an emotional rollercoaster of pleasure and guilt, Poe’s protagonist maintains his claim to sanity and a sense of reality. Poe articulates many tone and rhythm changes to create a sense of tension representing the narrator’s mental condition. Throughout the narrative, the narrator struggles to reassure that there is nothing wrong with him and that he is completely normal. Exploring the themes of madness, guilt, and a false sense of reality, Poe’s narrator suffers from a sense of false narrative, a trait characteristic of schizophrenia. In addition, the narrator demonstrates episodes of delusions, auditory hallucinations, diminished emotional responses, and significant disturbances to his normal routine which all allude to schizophrenia. I will utilize the DSM-5 criteria, literary criticisms, and other publications to show the audience the schizophrenic nature of Poe’s narrator. I plan on discussing the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia and demonstrating how the narrator meets those criteria in several circumstances. Utilizing vivid imagery and a scattered style, Poe explores the mental depths of a man suffering from schizophrenia.

PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID (IN THE PRESENCE OF FETAL BOVINE SERUM) INDUCES PROLIFERATION IN ERα POSTIVE AND ERα NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER CELL LINES

Presenter: Victoria Gaw
Authors: Victoria Gaw, Manderrious Glenn, and Jennifer Cannon
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Jennifer Cannon
Institution/College/Department: Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a synthetic chemical belonging to a larger group of fluorotelomers. These compounds have been used in the production of both industrial and consumer products as surfactants and are environmentally persistent pollutants. While the long-term effects of PFOA are largely unknown, there is increasing evidence suggesting it to be an endocrine disruptor. Studies have shown that PFOA binds to and activates peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), which can regulate the expression of other genes and receptors. Previous experiments in our lab demonstrated that PFOA treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells (an ERα-positive cell line) decreased expression of ERα mRNA and protein, and decreased cell viability by ~20% within 48h of treatment compared to DMSO controls. However, these cells were treated in the absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS).  When we repeated these experiments without serum withdrawal, we initially noted a tendency towards increased proliferation in MCF-7 cells treated with 50µM and 100µM PFOA at both 24h and 48h compared to control. To further examine the role of ERα in this PFOA-induced proliferation, we carried out additional experiments in MCF-7 cells along with experiments in another ERα-positive cell line, T47D, as well as an ERα-negative cell line, MDA-MB-23.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Student Research Grant, Department of Biological Sciences

schizoaffective disorder depressive type in "the yellow wallpaper" by charlotte gilman

Presenter: Lindsey German
Authors: Lindsey German and Tim Sadenwasser
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Tim Sadenwasser
Institution/College/Department:  English and Foreign Languages (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Charlotte Gilman’s short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” is a literary work of empowering women and serves to explore the human psyche upon women in the 19^th century. The author wanted to create a story that brought people’s attention to the rest cure treatment, and how it was not beneficial for the mind. It actually has detrimental effects on one’s mind, because the rest cure isolates that person in a room with nothing to do but to essentially “go crazy.” Therefore, the author wanted to warn people about this form of treatment through the downward spiral of the narrator’s mental health in the story. In my presentation, I will use other literary references and descriptions given from the short story to show the audience evidence of the narrator’s behavior with the character diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder depressive type. To do this, I plan on discussing the criteria of the diagnosis from the DSM-V and how these criteria are met in the short story. This criterion includes a major depressive episode and schizophrenic symptoms. She displays her depressive mood within the story by crying all day at nothing. She displays her schizophrenic symptoms when she experiences delusions, hallucinations, and social withdrawal. I also plan on discussing how the sociocultural factors involving the rest cure treatment given to the narrator and her relationship with her husband further diminishes her mental health. This mental instability that she experiences causes much distress in her life to the point where she could not take it anymore.

identification of the cap1-binding domain of human adenylyl cyclase 3

Presenter: Kimberly Gunby
Authors: Kimberly Gunby and Maria E. Sabbatini
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Maria E. Sabbatini
Institution/College/Department: Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
My research is aimed at finding the cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) binding domain on human adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3). Previous studies in our lab show that the interaction between CAP1 and AC3 inhibits migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells.  The inhibitory mechanism is thought to involve the binding of AC3 and CAP1, causing the inhibition of globular-actin polymerization needed for filopodia formation and cell motility. A better understanding of this interaction will help facilitate the discovery for drugs that inhibit the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. To locate the binding region, we constructed mutants of WT AC3 plasmid using a Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit. We substituted a highly conserved proline residue at position 307 for an arginine residue (P307R) and a glutamate residue at position 308 for an alanine residue (E308A). The mutations were confirmed by sequencing. We then transfected pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 with WT and mutant AC3 plasmids and confirmed the expression using Western-blotting. To test whether the mutated AC3 could still interact with CAP1, we performed co-immunoprecipitation. We found that the residues proline and arginine in AC3 are not required for the interaction with CAP1. Further substitutions of other conserved residues are underway.

development of an alternative energy synthetic pathway to nylon 6,6 through the use of solar irradiation as the sole heat source

Presenter: Caroline Hammond
Authors:  Caroline Hammond and Brian M. Agee
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Brian Agee
Institution/College/Department: Chemistry and Physics (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Recently, scientists have attempted to transform traditional synthetic procedures into ones that are more environmentally favorable due to the desire to circumvent the damage being done to our environment. A technique was recently developed in which satellite dishes were repurposed as solar reflectors that are capable of providing a focused source of solar irradiation.  The ability to use the solar reflector as the sole heat source for synthetic reactions has been analyzed for the synthesis of the commercially important polyamide, nylon 6,6.  Commercially, Nylon 6,6 is synthesized using a multi-step procedure, in which nearly all of the steps require the addition of heat in order for the reaction to occur.  Furthermore, the synthesis also incorporates some chemicals/reagents that are not environmentally friendly or consist of elements that are considered endangered and supply are in serious danger.  The exchange of these reagents with more environmentally friendly, sustainable substitutes has been analyzed for the total synthesis of nylon 6,6.  The incorporation of a solar energy heat source and use of environmentally friendly chemicals provides a new synthetic route to nylon6,6 that can be taught in teaching labs as a “green synthesis” experiment or scaled to fit the needs of industrial synthesis.

Prehistoric dinosaurs: an exploration of fact vs. fiction through the creation of comparativE sculptural forms

Presenter: Krista Havens
Authors: Krista Havens, Jennifer Onofrio, and Thomas Crowther
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Jennifer Onofrio, M.F.A and Thomas Crowther, M.F.A
Institution/College/Department: Art and Design (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Prehistoric Dinosaurs: An Exploration of Fact vs. Fiction Through the Creation of Comparative Sculptural Forms, is an art exhibition which displays the differences between how dinosaurs look in film and media verses how they are proposed to have looked based on scientific findings. The impetus for this project was to create a kid friendly educational tool, comprised of three hand-sculpted dinosaurs and three resin cast dinosaurs. The species of dinosaurs created were Carnotaurus, Velociraptor, and Dilophosaurus, some of the most commonly portrayed dinosaurs in the film industry. Each scientifically accurate dinosaur sculpture will be placed next to its film and media representation counterpart, to allow for the viewer to compare and contrast the differences in the physical appearances.

the detection and prevalence of microsporidia in shrimp from the satilla river estuary

Presenter: Miranda Henderson
Authors:  Miranda Henderson, Jenelly Canela, Jeffrey Fischer, and Jessica Reichmuth
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Jeffrey Fishcer and Dr. Jessica Reichmuth
Institution/College/Department: Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Microsporidia are spore-forming obligate intracellular parasitic fungi that infect eukaryotic organisms. They are ubiquitous in nature and infections occur worldwide in terrestrial and aquatic hosts. Some species of Microsporidia have been shown to infect the hepatopancreas of shrimp, which may affect their ability to obtain nutrients, stunt their growth, and increase their susceptibility to additional diseases. Microsporidiosis in shrimp has been shown to negatively impact the commercial shrimp industry, resulting in great economic loss specifically to the state of Georgia since this fishery is the largest and most lucrative. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of microsporidia in shrimp from the Satilla River Estuary in Georgia because of man-made cuts that have altered water quality conditions that could affect shrimp health specifically. Shrimp were caught at four collection sites using 6.1m (20ft) otter trawls and cast nets and were transported on ice back to the lab where they were frozen until dissection. Using bright-field light microscopy and a previously established staining technique, microsporidian spores were detected in hepatopancreas’ extracts in greater than 30% of the shrimp analyzed. 

evaluation of mammal hair as a potential wild pig repellent on cowden plantation jackson, south carolina

Presenter: Samantha R. Hitchens
Authors: Samantha R. Hitchens^1,2 and Bruce Saul¹
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Bruce Saul
Institution/College/Department: ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Hull College of Business (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) have a destructive impact across the world. The variety of cultures affected make the development of more effective and diverse management methods vital. Although wild pigs are often hunted with dogs, this method is not suitable or legal in all areas. Considering this, and pigs highly developed sense of smell, the following hypothesis was developed: Can a natural scent function as a satisfactory pig repellant? To test our hypothesis, we attracted wild pigs into areas baited with corn, and performed separate trials by adding hair from four different mammal species (dog, cat, horse and coyote). Our experimental design forced pigs to interact with the hair before consuming the bait. Trail cameras monitored each location over a five month period and wild pig behaviors were recorded. The presence and absence of pigs throughout the study trials was analyzed and compared with images captured during the control trials (corn only). Image totals were evaluated to determine if the hair prevented pigs from entering any areas, and the duration of any absences was noted. The results supported our hypothesis that a natural scent (dog hair) can decrease wild pig activity and potentially serve as a repellant.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Student Research Grant

mindfulness meditation through a mobile app

Presenter: Sabrina Huff
Authors:  Sabrina Huff, Cleston-Lee Murray, Leigha Restrepo, Shelby Jones, and Sabina Widner
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Sabina Widner
Institution/College/Department:  Psychological Sciences (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Personal health is an important aspect of the self. In order to change health, behavior must also be changed. Changing behavior is often effortful and many do not adhere to desired changes. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) suggests that self-efficacy, attitudes, intention, and subjective norms all play a part in behavior change. This present study examined each of these components as it relates to a particular behavior change, that is, mindfulness meditation. We hypothesized that self-efficacy, attitudes, intention, and subjective norms would positively correlate with the number of minutes spent meditating.  Participants were 144 undergraduates who volunteered for this two-part study. Time One included educating individuals on mindfulness meditation, followed with instructions to meditate for the next six days, log meditation minutes using a mobile app (Smiling Mind), and complete a survey adapted by Azjen (2002) measuring self-efficacy, attitudes, intentions, and subjective norms related to meditating. Time Two consisted of collection of meditation data and another survey on the experience of meditating. Preliminary analyses suggested no relationship between any of the TPB components and meditation, which may cast doubt on the reliability of the TPB constructs to predict behavior change.

atad3a: a critical driver for head and neck cancer

Presenter: Caleb Jensen
Authors:  Caleb Jensen¹, Liwei Lang², and Yong Teng³
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Yong Teng
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ³Georgia Cancer Center (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
For patients with head and neck cancer whose tumors are HPV negative HPV(-), current therapy does not lead to significant longevity and most succumb to loco-regional recurrence of the primary tumor. We discovered that HPV(-) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) highly expressed ATPase family AAA-domain containing protein 3A (ATAD3A). ATAD3A is the mitochondrial protein, which has been demonstrated as an oncogene in breast and lung cancer. However, nothing has been reported regarding its role in HNSCC. Using the HPV(-) HNSCC cell line HN12 as a cell model, we show here that knockout of ATAD3A expression by CRISPR-CAS9 in HNSCC cells, leading to reduced cell proliferation and decreased the ability of colony formation and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Importantly, ATAD3A loss also significantly suppressed HNSCC cells to grow in 3D culture. Together, these findings suggest the potential oncogenic role of ATAD3A in HNSCC cells, and implicate that ATAD3A represents a promising target for better treatment of patients with HPV(-) HNSCC.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Summer Scholars Program

competitive balance in women's collegiate golf

Presenter: Austin Jones
Authors: Austin Jones and Simon Medcalfe
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Simon Medcalfe
Institution/College/Department:  Hull College of Business (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Since the implementation of title IX in 1972, there has been in increase in the organization and participation of women’s collegiate sports teams. In 1982, which is when Women started competing in NCAA golf, participation was numbered at 739 and by 2008, there were a total of 2047 participants. This paper shows how the increase in participation amongst division 1 women’s golf teams has affected the competitive balance in women’s collegiate golf. The method of assessing this effect is to compare all the participating scores in past NCAA championships against the increase in participation over time. It is hypothesized that as participation increased, the scores have trended lower and therefore made women’s golf more competitive. The division 1 men’s golf team is used as a control to see that the effects are unique to the women’s team.

assessing students' spatial abilities in neuroanatomy education

Presenter: Arundhati Kumar
Authors: Arundhati Kumar¹, Tasha R. Wyatt², and Joanna R. Appel²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Joanna R. Appel
Institution/College/Department: ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Neuroanatomy requires students to acquire, assimilate, and apply knowledge of complex neuroanatomical structures. Three-dimensional (3D) physical models and computer-aided digital models are effective in promoting the development of neuroanatomical spatial representations. However, what remains unclear is exactly which tools benefit students the most. This study investigates whether there is a relationship between individuals’ spatial abilities and their neuro-spatial knowledge, and to determine whether learning neuroanatomy is enhanced using one of three instructional tools. The spatial aptitude of undergraduate medical students enrolled in neuroanatomy was measured by tests previously validated as predictors of visual-spatial abilities, and a spatial aptitude profile was generated for each student. Students were given a pretest designed to assess critical spatial skills within the context of applied-neuroanatomy. Following the pretest, students attended a learning session where they interacted with one of three learning tools: a) 3D printed neuroanatomical models, b) 3D virtual neuroanatomical models, or c) hands-on deep-brain dissection. Effectiveness of each tool on student learning was evaluated by posttest. Preliminarily, all three instructional tools proved effective when assessing percentage change in pretest:posttest scores. Data is under analysis to determine if there exists an interplay between individual students’ spatial abilities and the effectiveness of each learning tool.

Funding: Medical College of Georgia Academic Affairs

ionic and covalent conjugates of metronidazole and tryptamine

Presenters: Dominique Lyons
Authors:  Dominique Lyons, Precious Baako, and Iryna Lebedyeva
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Iryna Lebedyeva
Institution/College/Department: Chemistry and Physics (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Metronidazole, is an antibiotic used in the treatment of many bacterial and parasitic infections. This antibacterial agent has been shown to have a variety uses upon its development. Metronidazole is  derived synthetically from Azomycin, a natural antimicrobial antibiotic produced by actinobacteria such as Norcadia mesenterica, Sterptomyces eurocidicus and proteobacrteria Pseudomonas fluorescens used to treat anaerobic parasitic and bacterial infections. Solid drugs are not as effective in the body because they are not solube enough to allow for effective release into circulation making it hard for the body to absorb. However, ionic liquids can be used to improve drug delivery, efficay and development. Ionic liquid compositons are typically made up of at least two different ions with at least one kind of  cation and one kind of anion. In this project ionic liquid compositions containing metronidazole as positively charged ion and acesulfame as counterion have been synthesized. To explore the brain-penetrating ability of tryptamine, we have created its conjugates with beta-alanine, glucine and gabapentin. These ionic and conavelnt conjugates represent existing drugs with improved properties such as palatability and lipophilicity.

roles of astrocytes-derived estrogen in the brain

Presenter: Ja Meyre
Authors:  Ja Meyre¹, Darrell Brann², Jing Wang³
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Darrell Brann and Dr. Jing Wang
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Honors Thesis Program (Augusta Univ.), ²Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine (Augusta Univ.), ³Neurology (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
The steroid hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2) is an important hormone that regulates many functions in the body. Traditionally, E2 was believed to be produced primarily by the ovaries in females, but a number of studies have shown that brain cells such as neurons and astrocytes can also make significant quantities of E2. The study presented in this thesis examined the role of astrocyte-derived E2 in exerting neuroprotection in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, as well as its ability to regulate two specific pathways implicated in neuroprotection - the LIF and STAT3 pathways. Since the hippocampal CA1 region is known to be highly vulnerable to global cerebral ischemia (GCI), such as occurs after cardiac arrest, we used a mouse GCI model to examine the neuroprotective role of astrocyte-derived E2 in the hippocampal CA1 region. The results of the study indicate that mice that lack the enzyme aromatase in astrocytes and were unable to produce astrocyte-derived E2, have decreased reactive astrocyte activation after GCI, greater neuronal deficits after GCI in both genders, and they have significantly decreased LIF-STAT3 signaling in the hippocampus.

Funding: Augusta University Honors Thesis Program

can fast fashion be sustainable and still be profitable?

Presenter: Eva Miralles Miro
Authors: Eva Miralles Miro and Simon Medcalfe
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Simon Medcalfe
Institution/College/Department:  Hull College of Business (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Fast fashion is the approach to designing, creating, and marketing clothing that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and available to consumers. It is destroying the world we live in, creating a big opportunity cost for society, because it is the second largest polluter after the oil industry. Can the giants of fast fashion keep earning the amount of money they earn if they start complying with the best environmental regulations and sustainable practices? Economic theory suggests that if consumers demand higher ethical practices from fashion companies then profits will rise. However, if these practices increase costs then profits will fall. The 2019 Ethical Fashion Report published by Baptist World Aid Australia gives grades to 130 fashion companies according to five different ethical management practices. This data is used to determine how fashion companies’ profits vary with different metrics of ethic and sustainable practices and which have the biggest impact on profit.

the yellow wallpaper: obsessions, compulsions, and psychotic episodes (delusions)

Presenter: Nicole Morel
Authors: Nicole Morel¹ and Tim Sadenwasser²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Tim Sadenwasser
Institution/College/Department:  ¹College of Science and Mathematics (Augusta Univ.), ²English and Foreign Languages (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
The Yellow Wallpaper is a short-story which takes place in 1885 about the perspective of a middle-class woman who has been diagnosed with Neurasthenia. The symptoms of Neurasthenia were often described as having, “headaches, indigestion, depression, and anxiety” (The Nerves of Men and Women,2007, para. 6). Her husband who was a practicing physician implemented the most common treatment for this illness: The Rest Cure. This treatment comprised of complete bed rest, air, and absolutely no form of activity (Neurasthenia Cures for Women, 2007). This diagnosis was later discredited by the medical community. In this paper, I display how his enforcement of this treatment escalated his wives’ mental health. From examining the texts provided by the novel, this essay will create a diagnosis of the possible psychological disorder the main character was driven into. Specifically, her husband may have induced an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) with an acute delusion episode. Afterwards, there will be an analysis on two other sources which will support this psychological diagnosis. The results display how The Rest Cure may have induced a psychological complication. 

case competition

Presenter: TBD
Authors:  TBD
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): TBD
Institution/College/Department: TBD

Abstract:
The third Augusta University Case Competition, sponsored by the Hull College of Business, is a competition for student pairs to analyze a given business situation and advise the business’s key decision-makers of the merits of their recommended course of action through a written memo. Topics include business processes, internal controls, and ethics. The top five student teams will proceed to a poster display and an in-person presentation to a panel of judges made up of local professionals in the accounting and finance fields. The top team will be named March 6, 2020, and (as discussed with Dr. Patel) the information will be provided for inclusion in the PKP Conference booklet and schedule.

 Funding: Hull College of Business, The CSRA Chapter of the Institute of Internal Auditors

characterization of proton sensitive g protein-coupled receptors

Presenter: Alisha Nam
Authors:  Alisha Nam¹, Najeah Okashah², Angela Spencer³, and Nevin Lambert²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Angela Spencer
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Pharmacology and Toxicology (Augusta Univ.), ³Chemistry and Physics (Augusta Univ.),

Abstract:
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that can stimulate an intracellular signaling pathway following activation by a ligand. According to the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) database, GPR4, GPR65, and GPR132 are Class A orphan GPCRs with protons reported as their putative endogenous ligand; however, these receptors are currently understudied. After confirming whether these receptors are pH-sensitive, the purpose of our study was to investigate the interactions between GPR4, GPR65 and GPR132 and G protein subtypes (Gα_s, Gα_i, Gα_q, and Gα₁₂) upon stimulation with an acidic solution. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), we studied the coupling between luciferase-tagged GPR receptors and fluorescent protein (Venus)-tagged G proteins in response to pH changes. Data indicated that all three receptors responded to pH changes. Upon extracellular response to pH changes, the receptors activate different G protein subtypes and thus, different signaling pathways: GPR4 activates Gα_i, Gα_q, and Gα₁₂; GPR65 activates all four subtypes; and GPR132 activates Gα_i and weakly activates Gα_q, and Gα₁₂. Identifying these receptors as true proton sensors leads the way in understanding the role they play in maintaining acid-base homeostasis and will be critical for the development of novel drugs combatting acid-base related disorders.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Student Research Grant, NIH grant GM130142 to N.A.L

the evolution of art therapy and proposed future application

Presenter: Connor Owen
Authors: Connor Owen¹ and Edgar Johnson²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Edgar Johnson
Institution/College/Department: ¹Art and Design (Augusta Univ.), ²Communications (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
The goal of this thesis is to describe the evolution of Art Therapy into the practice it is today and propose a future alternative use. Currently, Art Therapy is applied to a variety of populations and purposes with abundant research to support its efficacy. However, there is a gap in research on Art Therapy for college-aged students. Art Therapy may be a viable alternative stress-management tool for mental health providers on college campuses and could mean more participation from students in the available counseling resources and ultimately a reduction in the likelihood of the students reaching a crisis. By analyzing prior research on Art Therapy for other populations this thesis offers justification for its future use on the college campus.

the application of low-cost, close-range photogrammetry in dentistry

Presenter: Mohit Patel
Authors: Mohit Patel¹, Don Mettenburg², and Frederick Rueggeberg²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Frederick Rueggeberg
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Currently, three-dimensional scanning is required by a number of procedures in dentistry: Orthodontics, Prosthodontics, Endodontics, Oral Surgery, and General Restorative Dentistry. Close-Range Photogrammetry is a technique that produces three-dimensional coordinates of points identified from multiple images of an object taken at different angles. This technique may provide a low-cost alternative to expensive intra-oral scanning systems and structured light based 3D scanners. The objective of this proof-of-concept project was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of virtual 3D models created using a low cost 3D-printable, open source, 3D scanner (OpenScan) connected to an Adreno controller, Agisoft Metashape software, and a budget smartphone used as a camera. A 3D printed set of teeth were scanned using the system and were also manually measured for comparison. A Layer of wax was applied to a region on the teeth on the model, and a second scan was obtained. The volume of wax coating was calculated using software and compared to measurements taken by hand. The two values were found to be quite similar, proving these initial attempts at accurately scanning dental models were viable for further development

salty or slightly salty: is fish species richness affected by an obsolete navigational cut

Presenter: Rebecca Patterson
Authors: Rebecca Patterson¹, Loren Mathews², Bruce Saul¹, and Jessica Reichmuth¹
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Jessica Reichmuth
Institution/College/Department:  Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), Biology (Georgia Southern Univ.)

Abstract:
As rivers flow toward the coast, freshwater mixes with saltwater in estuaries. The mixing here creates a wide range of environments for many organisms. The Satilla River Estuary has been cut eight times, which has altered the salinity gradients that are a result of natural tidal flow. Altered salinity gradients pose a threat to migratory fish species because they are no longer able to pick up on directional cues these gradients provide, ultimately affecting species richness in the estuary. The purpose of this study is to determine if Noyes Cut has affected salinity gradients at five collection sites in Umbrella and Dover Creeks. Experimental gill nets were set one hour before max flood tide and soaked for two hours.  All fish were identified to species with total and fork lengths measured to the nearest centimeter. Noyes Cut and Parsons Creek had the most species richness while River Marsh Landing and Todd Creek experienced the lowest diversity.  We believe these large salinity fluctuations are due to a sediment deposit that blocks water flow as a result of Noyes Cut. When Noyes Cut is closed, we expect fish to redistribute into Umbrella and Dover Creeks as a result of restored salinity gradients. 

Funding: GADNR Coastal Resources Division Coastal Incentive Grant

Investigating signaling pathways involving the hca receptor family

Presenter: Dalia Saj
Authors:  Dalia Saj¹, Najeah Okashah², Angela Spencer³, and Nevin Lambert²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Angela Spencer
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Pharmacology and Toxicology (Augusta Univ.), ³Chemistry and Physics (Augusta Univ.),

Abstract:
Increasing obesity rates have put the American population at higher risk for developing obesity-related medical conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes. The hydroxycarboxylic acid (HCA) receptor family is a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are expressed in adipose tissue and function as metabolic sensors, making them potential pharmaceutical targets in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders. The HCA receptor family consists of the HCA₁, HCA₂, and HCA₃ receptors, which are activated by hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactate and 3-hydroxybutyric acid. We utilized bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to study agonist-induced coupling of luciferase-tagged HCA receptors to Venus fluorescent protein-tagged G protein heterotrimers or arrestins. Our results indicate that the three HCA receptors couple to the G_i/o subfamily of G proteins. The data additionally confirms a lack of coupling to the other G protein subfamilies (G_s, G_q, and G₁₂), and lacks evidence of arrestin recruitment to HCA receptors. Overall, our study highlights the use of BRET as a powerful tool for analysis of GPCR signaling and demonstrates its possible use for future studies to determine the potency of potential drugs targeting HCA receptors as a therapy for health-related problems such as obesity.

Funding: Augusta University CURS Student Research Grant, NIH grant GM130142 to N.A.L

assessing local parks for their infrastructure, issues, and use

Presenter: Elizabeth Shabu
Authors: Elizabeth Shabu and Nicole Peritore
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Nicole Peritore, CHES
Institution/College/Department: Kinesiology and Health Science (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
This research project assessed public park physical activity infrastructure use in Richmond and Columbia County. Prior research has shown that children not only enjoy outdoor time but also consider parks as a place for socializing. Further, research has shown that playground time positively impacts children imagination. The playground also aids in the physical fitness of children by offering interactive experiences that can add into the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity a day. Park assessments were conducted utilizing the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) Tool and found that overall parks in both counties were well taken care of.  Additionally, there was a wide variety of amenities available to utilize. There were some areas of concern in the parks however, which included cigarette buds, alcohol containers, trash and cracked sidewalks. In both counties, parks were observed to see how much children utilized the playground equipment. Observations concluded that the majority of the children utilized the different variety of equipment, with the swings and slides being the most commonly employed. In conclusion, this presentation will describe the diversity of amenities, challenges in maintenance, and the overall use of public parks in Richmond and Columbia Counties.

development of defined culture conditions for human wharton's jelly stem cells

Presenter: Arika Shaikh
Authors: Arika Shaikh¹ and Ali Eroglu²
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Ali Eroglu
Institution/College/Department: ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent and capable of differentiating into various cell lineages. While MSCs have commonly been isolated from bone marrow for treatment of numerous diseases, alternative sources including adipose tissue and Wharton’s Jelly (WJ), an extra-embryonic umbilical cord tissue rich from hyaluronic acid (HA), are under study for establishment of safer, less invasive procedures. Typically, WJ-MSCs are cultured in undefined media containing fetal bovine serum, of which use has been associated with different complications, including transmission of infectious agents and induction of immunologic reactions. To facilitate clinical applications, this project aims to develop chemically defined and safe culture conditions for human WJ-MSCs. The hypothesis is that undifferentiated growth of WJ-MSCs will be supported by an HA-based extracellular matrix and fortified DMEM/F12 supplemented with macromolecules, antioxidants, and growth factors. This hypothesis will be tested by comparing the growth kinetics and plasticity of WJ-MSCs cultured under conventional undefined and defined conditions. WJ-MSCs will be isolated via either the “enzymatic digestion” or “tissue explant” methods from human umbilical cords. They will then be phenotyped by evaluating the expression of relevant markers using a MSC phenotyping kit and placed into one of six different culture media groups for experimental testing.

characterization of a cyclic peptide ad05 as a novel inhibitor of the hsp90 chaperoning machine

Presenter: Wayne Fang
Authors: Wayne Fang¹, Sumin Lu¹, Yasmeen Jilani¹, Abdssamad Debbab², and Ahmed Chadli¹
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Ahmed Chadli
Institution/College/Department:  ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf

Abstract:
Protection of oncogenic proteins is the foundation of many hallmarks of cancer. Based on this, hsp90 inhibitors have emerged as a potentially potent strategy for cancer treatment. The clinical efficacy of the earlier Hsp90 inhibitors remains unsatisfactory, in part due to their induction of heat shock response and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in cancer cells. To identify alternative therapeutic agents without these effects, we have developed a cell-free high-throughput screen (HTS) platform based on the folding of progesterone receptor (PR) by the core components of the Hsp90 chaperoning machine. During our initial screening of 175 natural products from North African medicinal plants, we discovered the cyclic peptide AD05 as a novel Hsp90 inhibitor. AD05 has shown a powerful antitumor activity against various cancer cell lines including HeLa, Hs578T, MDA-MB231, MDA-MB453, E0771, THP1, and U937. Western blot analysis revealed that AD05 destabilizes Hsp90 client proteins without inducing heat shock response as indicated by lack of upregulation of Hsp70, Hsp40 and Hsp27. Remarkably, AD05 does not induce apoptosis but rather triggers autophagy in various cell lines.

Funding: DoD, Augusta University Cancer Center Internal Awards

effect of nf-kb deletion on bone marrow macrophage respiratory burst ability

Presenter: Karan Soni
Authors: Karan Soni and Jennifer Bradford
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Jennifer Bradford
Institution/College/Department: Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is very important in normal immune system function and is also often aberrantly regulated in many different types of cancers. As many cancers are characterized by elevated numbers of infiltrating monocytes/macrophages, we have developed an animal model that lacks canonical NF-κB signaling in bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs). As BMDMs can infiltrate solid cancers, the aim of this particular study was to assess the functionality of phagocyte oxidase ability in NF-κB deficient BMDMs. A respiratory burst assay involves stimulating the phagocyte oxidase enzyme in macrophages to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) so that they can degrade and combat invading pathogens as well as cancer cells. Based on our recent experiments that showed BMDMs lacking p65 had poor phagocytosis ability and low nitrite production, we hypothesize that BMDMs lacking NF-κB signaling will have a decreased respiratory burst response compared to control BMDMs.

Funding: Cancer Center Collaboration Grant

the impact of cardiac rehabilitation on cvd risk factors in diabetic patients

Presenter: Eyana Thomas
Authors: Eyana Thomas¹, Eric Lian², Kimberly Roberts^3,4, and Lufei Young³
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Lufei Young
Institution/College/Department: ¹Biological Sciences (Augusta Univ.), ²Medical College of Georgia (Augusta Univ.), ³College of Nursing (Augusta Univ.), ⁴Georgia Highlands College

Abstract:
Patients with diabetes are two to four times more likely to die from cardiac diseases than other without this diagnosis. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is known to improve the physical functioning, reduce risk factors in cardiac patients with diabetes. The aim of this study is to evaluate if cardiac patients with comorbidity of diabetes had improved physical functioning (measured by six-minute walk test [6MWT]) and reduced risk factors (measured reduced fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, overweight, fat composition) after the cardiac rehabilitation program. A retrospective observational cohort longitudinal study using secondary data from electronic medical records was conducted. Clinical data were collected from the individual cardiac treatment plan form used by a cardiac rehabilitation center. Among 93 patients, improvement in physical functioning (i.e.: six-minute walk distance, and METs) was significant (p-value = <.01). This was done by comparing pre and post 6MWT scores.

Funding: SRP

the perception of "the invisible empire of the ku klux klan" as a benevolent secret society from 1915 to 1965

Presenter: Dillon Typhair
Authors: Dillon Typhair and Ruth McClelland-Nugent
Faculty Sponsor(s)/Collaborator(s): Dr. Ruth McClelland-Nugent
Institution/College/Department: History, Anthropology, & Philosophy (Augusta Univ.)

Abstract:
This paper looks at the history of Americans’ changing attitudes toward the Ku Klux Klan. It contributes to the scholarships on Civil War history and domestic terrorism through the case of the KKK. The journalist Edward Pollard’s book, The Lost Cause: a new Southern history of the War of the Confederates (1867), influenced generations of Americans both South and North by writing a revisionist history of the Civil War painting confederates as rebels who should still fight to maintain white supremacy. This belief in this “lost cause” led many Americans, in the South especially, to support and have positive attitudes toward the KKK. However even as the Klan claimed to support the ideals of the lost cause, their actions often undermined their claims of benevolence and of the upholding of Southern value. The Klan especially after its revival post-WWI terrorized through violent acts anyone they deemed not “pure American.” Today, it is unlikely the Klan will ever be regarded as positively as it once was even if similar hate groups still plague our society.